Hi Y’all a battle report of the first Union assault at South mountain played on 9 February 2019 from Honorary P.I.G. John G with photos by Chris G – sorry I missed it.
BackgroundAfter the Battle of Second Bull Run in late August 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, decided to invade Maryland, with his army split into five sections while searching for supplies. On 13 September 1862 a copy of Lee’s Special Order No. 191 fell into Union hands when left in an abandoned campsite. It detailed the Confederate plan of action and troop movements in Maryland, including the fact that Lee had divided his army and sent a portion under Jackson to capture the Union depot at Harpers Ferry.
Union Commander in Chief Major General George B. McClellan then knew that Lee’s army was vulnerable. Lee had left detachments to guard Crampton’s Gap and Turner’s Gap through South Mountain, key points in a 50-mile-long ridge that was the continuation of the Blue Mountains into Maryland. If McClellan had broken through these passes he would have found Lee’s army scattered.
McClellan, with uncharacteristic speed, began putting his troops in motion hoping to attack and defeat some of Lee’s isolated forces before they could concentrate. McClellan temporarily organized his army into three wings. Major General Ambrose Burnside led the Right Wing, comprising I Corps (Major General Joseph Hooker) and IX Corps (Major General Jesse L. Reno). The Right Wing assaulted Turner’s Gap and the nearby Fox’s Gap in the north. The Left Wing, commanded by Major General William B. Franklin, of his own VI Corps and Major General Darius N. Couch’s division of IV Corps, was sent to Crampton’s Gap in the south. The Center Wing (II Corps and XII Corps), under Major General Edwin V. Sumner, was held in reserve.
McClellan unfortunately did not ensure his commanders moved promptly and his army was slow to react. Franklin and his VI Corps only set out the following morning at daybreak to drive through Crampton’s Gap and attack McLaws’ rear. In contrast, when Lee learned of McClellan’s intelligence coup he quickly ordered forces to reinforce the passes to block McClellan’s looming advance. While the Union had far more men available, the total troops actually engaged in the three actions that made up the Battle of South Mountain was 28,000 Union to 18,000 Confederate.
Our refight was of the first assaults on Fox’s Gap and Turner’s Gap.

Chris, John & Steve – South Mountain refight 9 February 2019
Fox’s Gap
The opening attack by Reno’s IX Corps on Fox’s Gap was made by Cox’s Kanawha Division. On the Union left, Scammon’s brigade advanced through the Daniel Wise farm against Garland’s North Carolinians from Daniel Hill’s division, defending a stone wall along the ridge.

Fox’s Gap – Garland’s men await the Union storm
The 23rd Ohio found a sneaky way through the rough terrain, drove away the weak Rebel cavalry and attempted a flank attack on the 5th North Carolina behind the wall.

Fox’s Gap – 23rd Ohio under fire trying to flank the wall
However climbing the hill proved too much and the plucky Ohioans were thrown back.

Fox’s Gap – 23rd Ohio driven back by the 5th North Carolina
Soon Scammon’s whole brigade retired, with little damage done to Garland despite one last surge uphill by the 30th Ohio which briefly recoiled the 12th North Carolina off the wall before the attack petered out.

Fox’s Gap – goaded by enemy fire, the 30th Ohio prepare to charge the hill
To Scammon’s right, Crook’s brigade had made more progress, making it onto the heights and inflicting significant losses on Anderson’s small North Carolina brigade until Crook too was thrown back down the hill and sent packing. Both Crook and Anderson were shot off their horses during the fighting. The Rebels rested on their arms awaiting the next Union attack, as it was clear a whole Union corps was slowly moving up towards them through the woods.

Fox’s Gap – the Union Kanawha Division in retreat
Turner’s Gap
Burnside had Hooker send Brigadier General John Gibbon’s Black Hat Brigade up the National Road to attack Colonel Alfred Colquitt’s small Confederate brigade. Early in the fighting McClellan is said to have observed them in the distance driving back the Confederate defenders and asked I Corps commander Hooker who they were. Told they were Gibbon’s westerners McClellan is said to have replied with admiration “They must be made of iron.” and so the name stuck and they became the Iron Brigade.

Turner’s Gap – McClellan watching the start of Gibbon’s brigade’s bold advance
Sadly, Chris ordered John to lead Gibbon’s brigade in our refight, so it was just as well McClellan had ridden off and didn’t see what happened next.

Turner’s Gap – view of Gibbon’s opening attack from the heights
The veteran Iron Brigade barely made it into contact anywhere along the line, inflicted few losses, and in short order were hurled from the field with a very bloody nose. Adding injury to insult, Gibbon fell wounded late in the debacle. That’s what you get Chris for letting John roll dice!

Turner’s Gap – Gibbon’s men sadly regard their fallen commander
Widening the assault, Burnside had Hooker commit the bulk of I Corps to the attack, so to the right of that sorry scene, Brigadier General Nathan Evans’ South Carolina brigade from Hood’s division was defending a fence along the road leading to Turner’s Gap when assaulted by Brigadier General Marsena Patrick’s New York brigade of Hatch’s 1st Division. Next to them the Alabama Brigade of Brigadier General Robert Rodes, holding a line on the edge of a wood, was attacked by Brigadier General Truman Seymour’s Pennsylvania brigade of Meade’s 3rd Division.

Turner’s Gap – Evan’s South Carolina brigade awaits attack

Turner’s Gap – Union assault viewed from Seymour’s position
The bold 21st New York braved the enemy fire and managed to cross the fence and defeat the 22nd South Carolina in furious fighting.

Turner’s Gap – Patrick’s brigade attacks Evan’s men behind the fence
Evan committed his reserves who threw the 21st New York back across the fence, while the rest of Evan’s brigade held on grimly until Patrick was wounded and his spent brigade reluctantly retired.

Turner’s Gap – Patrick down as Evan’s Rebels reclaim the fence
Meanwhile, Seymour’s determined Pennsylvanians had withstood withering fire from Rodes and got in among the Alabamians in the woods.

Turner’s Gap – Seymour’s advancing brigade under fire

Turner’s Gap – hot work in the woods
For a time it seemed the Pennsylvanians might drive the Alabamians out of the woods and all the way back up to the heights behind them. Despite their morale being tested, the stalwart Alabamians regrouped and threw Seymour back with loss. Turner’s Gap had been held for now, though fresh columns of Union troops could be glimpsed moving forward.

Turner’s Gap – Seymour’s worn brigade retires as the Rebels retake their ground
Aftermath of the Battle of South Mountain
In the fighting at South Mountain, Union casualties were 2,325 (443 killed, 1,807 wounded, and 75 missing) or 8.3%. Fighting on the defensive, Confederate losses were 2,685 (325 killed, 1,560 wounded, and 800 missing/prisoners) or 14.9%.
As night fell, Lee assessed the situation. Though Turner’s and Fox’s Gaps were still held, Crampton’s Gap had fallen to Franklin’s tardy but overwhelming forces. With his defensive line overstretched, Lee ordered his outnumbered forces to withdraw west next morning to reconcentrate his army.
After his victory McClellan was still in a good position to destroy Lee’s army but reverted to the slow, cautious behaviour which had been the hallmark of his failed Peninsula Campaign. His limited activity on 15 September saw the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry capitulate and gave Lee time to unite his scattered divisions behind Antietam Creek at Sharpsburg.
Despite McClellan’s failure to capitalize on the capture of the gaps, the strategic victory at South Mountain was an important morale booster for the Army of the Potomac after a summer of failure. South Mountain put Lee on the defensive and forced him to make a determined stand at Antietam a few days later on 17 September 1862, in what was the war’s bloodiest day.
Antietam ended Lee’s hopes for staging a prolonged campaign on Northern soil and compelled his army to retreat back to Virginia. The marginal Union victory there also enabled President Abraham Lincoln to use it as a justification for announcing his Emancipation Proclamation.